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A defender, for example, often has to allocate its defensive resources before an attacker (e.g., a terrorist group) decides where to strike. In many resources-allocation problems, strategic adversaries move sequentially and are likely to have private information about the effectiveness of their spending.
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We urge scientific communities to make a more concerted effort to tackle this problem and propose potential approaches both for compiling non-English scientific knowledge effectively and for enhancing the multilingualization of new and existing knowledge available only in English for the users of such knowledge. This hinders its use by field practitioners and policy makers for local environmental issues 54% of protected area directors in Spain identified languages as a barrier. Furthermore, as publication in English has become prevalent, scientific knowledge is often unavailable in local languages. Ignoring such non-English knowledge can cause biases in our understanding of study systems. However, our survey searching Google Scholar in 16 languages revealed that 35.6% of 75,513 scientific documents on biodiversity conservation published in 2014 were not in English. While it is recognized that language can pose a barrier to the transfer of scientific knowledge, the convergence on English as the global language of science may suggest that this problem has been resolved. It seems possible that Swinhoe’s Rail is more widely distributed in the Amur region and was overlooked in the past, possibly due to a misleading description of its calls in the literature. It is therefore likely that the individuals observed in the field also belonged to this species. The genetic analyses unequivocally confirmed that swab samples and eggshell were attributable to Swinhoe’s Rail, thus constituting the first known breeding record of this species for 110 years. Samples were obtained from four individuals and one eggshell and their mitochondrial cytochrome b genes were amplified and sequenced. noveboracensis, and almost all field records relate to flushed individuals in flight, we aimed to complement the field observations by genetic evidence. As the species is rather similar in appearance and field characteristics to its Nearctic sister taxon, the Yellow Rail C. Recent observations suggest that the Amur region, situated between the two known populations, might be inhabited by this secretive species as well. The ‘Vulnerable’ Swinhoe’s Rail Coturnicops exquisitus is believed to occur in only two regions in Russia’s Far East and China’s Heilongjiang province, separated by more than 1,000 km.